Decision Analysis Essay Example for Free

Decision Analysis Essay Finally, some typical problem classes are examined and some requirements for prototypical structures are discussed. An introduction to problem structuring Decision analysis can be divided into four steps: structuring the problem; formulating inference and preference models; eliciting probabilities and utilities; and exploring the numerical model results. Prac* This research was supported by a grant from the Department of Defense and was monitored by the Engineering Psychology Programs of the Office of Naval Research, under contract While writing this paper, the author discussed the problem of structuring extensively with Helmut Jungermann. The present version owes much to his thought. Please don’t take footnote 3 too seriously. It is part of a footnote war between Ralph Keeney and me. ** Presently with the Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90007, (213) 741-6955. 12 D. von Winterfeldt /Structuring decision problems titioners of decision analysis generally agree that structuring is the most important and difficult step of the analysis. Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of modeling and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the ‘art’ part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968; Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and event trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Schools Should Prepare Children For Life In Society :: essays research papers

Schools Should Prepare Children For Life in Society In today's information society people often think that characters from TV-shows or talkshow guests reflect our society. Although that opinion is rather based on the disability of people to use information than on any logical thoughts, there is something every talkshow reminds us of: people are not perfect. So, I say, society can not be perfect either. I believe that society works by that society doesn't work. People are too different to put them all into one melting pot, but you have to, because otherwise society would end in destruction and hate (as seen in the Third Reich). I believe that schools have an obligation to prepare children for life in society. Therefore they don't necessarily have the ability to change society but I think today's situation in Germany is not nearly as bad as the situation in "Dead poet's society", a movie based on a true story. In the movie a teacher tries to let his students be creative and critical towards everything they see and hear while neglecting values like punctuality and obedience. At first he is successful, but as soon as the school board notices his ambitions, he gets suspended for some odd reason. If a teacher in Germany tries to influence students in the way that they are more creative that is generally seen as positive, but what almost makes this impossible is the number of students in a class and the time frame of just 45 minutes, which is short if you are going to hear all the different opinions of all the students. If we accept that there do exist problems in society that need to get fixed, we also have to see that it is not school's job to do this alone.

Herbert Mead. Analysis Is Mind, Self, Society

Sarah Kuntz 10/4/12 Essay 2: Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society Herbert Gilbert Mead, the author of Mind, Self, and Society, is introduced by Charles w. Morris which gives a perspective to Mead before the accumulation of his essays. Mead was influenced by Charles Darwin and Watson’s behaviorism however he was greatly tilted to Watson’s behaviorism. Although he considered Watson’s views â€Å"oversimplified† he did refer himself to be a behaviorist. Mead goes further to mention, â€Å"the denial of the private nor the neglect of consciousness, but the approach to all experience in terms of conduct. In his essay the Mind, Mead simplifies the approach to understanding the mind in simple building blocks of gestures, symbols and language. Mead was trying to answer the age old question of how the mind arises. His answer was that the, â€Å"Mind arises through communication by a conversion of gestures in a social process or context of experience-not communic ation through mind† (p 50). These specific gestures then become the symbols and are communicated to others in an idea. Due to this communication is a constant adjustment to others and to their reactions.The future communication becomes more eminent in the beginning of actions and reactions constantly occurring. In the essay the Self, the mind gives way (in the actions and reactions) to language and symbols which then possible for development. This development is our self and reference point for certain events in our lives, emotions and different sensations (p. 136). Mead goes on to discuss how the self does arise, â€Å"it arises through play, and games and the idea of generalized other. That organized community gives the individual his â€Å"unity of self† and the attitude of generalized other is that of the whole community† (p. 155).Mead is explaining that our entire self reflects the tweaking of our self to match society. Furthermore, the final essay the Socie ty, he brings accumulation of ideas of the mind and the self to relate it to society. Mead mentions that insects base their societies on physiological differences unlike the man who bases society on those around him. Man is seen to constantly change his environment by the way he uses it and create a community by a common language. What one does is defined by others, such as religion or economics. Both of these call for enormous amounts of identification and needs an audience to acknowledge this identification.So as far as he is a self, and part of a community and his contribution is must be social (p. 324). Personally I understand Mead’s views on how the mind can be somewhat defined by behaviors into chain reactions. However this leaves the concept of deception and lying in behaviors. At times there is more to what meets the eye, and what is said and understood has multiple meanings. The human mind is so complex and defining it to just one behavior would still be simplifying the concept. I do agree with Mead on the concept of society. Society plays a very important role which man will always for the most part, mirror his actions.

What is an Open Admissions Policy for College

Hundreds of colleges and universities in the United States have open admissions. In its purest form, an open admissions policy means that any student with a high school diploma or GED certificate can attend. With guaranteed acceptance, open admissions policies are all about access and opportunity: any student who has completed high school has the option of pursuing a college degree. History of Open Admissions The open admissions movement began in the second half of the 20th century and had many ties to the civil rights movement. California and New York were on the forefront of making college accessible to  all  high school graduates. CUNY, the City University of New York, moved to an open admissions policy in 1970, an action that greatly increased enrollment and provided far greater college access to Hispanic and black students. Since then, CUNY ideals clashed with fiscal reality, and the four-year colleges in the system no longer have open admissions. How Open Is Open Admissions? The reality of open admissions often clashes with the ideal. At four-year colleges, students are sometimes guaranteed admission only if they meet minimum test score and GPA requirements. In some situations, a four-year college often collaborates with a community college so that students who dont meet the minimum requirements can still begin their college educations. Also, guaranteed admission to an open admission college doesnt always mean that a student can take courses. If a college has too many applicants, students may find themselves waitlisted for some if not all courses. This scenario has proven all too common in the current economic climate in which school resources and funding are stretched thin. Community colleges are almost always open admissions as are a significant number of four-year colleges and universities. As college applicants come up with their short list of reach, match, and safety schools, an open admissions institution will always be a safety school (this is assuming the applicant meets any minimum requirements for admission). Examples of Open Admission Colleges and Universities Open admission schools can be found throughout the United States, and they vary significantly. Some are private while many are public. Some are two-year schools offering associate degrees, while others offer bachelor degrees. Some are tiny schools of just a few hundred students, while others are large institutions with enrollments in the thousands. This brief list helps illustrate the diversity of open admission schools: Nearly all community collegesDixie State University: A four-year public university in St. George, UtahArkansas Baptist College: A four-year private college in Little Rock, ArkansasSalem International University: A four-year for-profit university in Salem, West VirginiaTennessee State University: A four-year historically black university in Nashville, TennesseeGranite State College: A four-year public university in Concord, New HampshireUniversity of Maine at Augusta: A four-year public university in Augusta, Maine Some Problems Related to Open Admissions An open admission policy is not without its critics who argue that graduation rates tend to be low, college standards are lowered, and the need for remedial courses increases. Many colleges with open admission policies have that policy out of necessity rather than any sense of altruism of social justice. If a college is struggling to meet enrollment goals, admissions standards can erode to the point of having few standards at all. The result can be that colleges collect tuition dollars from students who are ill-prepared for college and unlikely to ever earn a degree. So while the idea of open admissions may sound admirable because of the access to higher education it can provide, the policy  can create its own issues: Many students are not academically prepared to succeed in college and have never attempted the level of rigor required in college classes.Many students will need to take remedial courses before they can take college-level courses. These courses are typically at a high school level and will not fulfill college graduation requirements.Graduation rates tend to be low, often in the teens or even single digits. At Tennessee State, for example, only 18% of students graduate in four years. At Granite State College, that number is just 8%.With so few students graduating in four years, costs increase with every subsequent semester of coursework.While tuition is often lower than at more selective schools, grant aid is often limited. Open admission institutions rarely have the endowments and financial resources for financial aid that more selective colleges and universities have. Put together, these issues can lead to significant problems for many students. At some open admission institutions, a majority of students will fail to earn a diploma but will go into debt in the attempt. A Final Word About Open Admissions Policies Dont let the problems facing many open admission schools discourage you; rather, use that information to make an informed decision about your college journey. If you are motivated and hard-working, an open admission university can open many doors that will enrich you personal life and expand your professional opportunities.

Dying Declaration - 6938 Words

CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH SCHEME Introduction: A dying declaration is a statement made by a dying person as to the cause of his death or as to any circumstances of the transaction that resulted in his death. It is evidence under Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act,1872. This section is an exception to the general rule that hearsay evidence is no evidence In this paper, the researcher will explore these facets namely – the scope and application of section 32 (1), the method of giving and recording a dying declaration and its evidenciary value by examining its interpretation by courts. Material examined: The researcher has used the bare act of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and thereby used the various commentaries by eminent jurists and legal†¦show more content†¦1.1 Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act. Sub-section (1) of Section 32 of the Evidence Act, any statement, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, appears to the Court unreasonable, would constitute relevant facts. If as a result thereof, the Court is satisfied that the statement made by a person who is now dead is relevant, the same becomes admissible in terms of sub-section (1) of 32 section of the Evidence Act. The second Para of the sub section makes it abundantly clear that the statement is admissible in civil as well as criminal proceedings and it is not necessary that the Person making the statement should be apprehending death at the time of making the statement. Thus, it is apt to say that admissibility of Dying declaration is explained in the section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act. The Hon’ble Apex Court in P.Mani vs. State of T.N. reported in has held as follows: â€Å"Indisputably conviction can be recorded on the basis of the dying declaration alone but therefore the same must be wholly reliable. In a case where suspicion can be raised as regards the correctness of the dying declaration, theShow MoreRelatedDying Declaration Under Section 32 of Ipc15499 Words   |  62 PagesDYING DECLARATION â€Å"Truth sits on the lips of a person who is about to die† Introduction A Dying Declaration means the statement of a person who has died explaining the circumstances of his death. It can be said to be a statement made by a mortally injured person, indicating who has injured them and/or the circumstances surrounding their injury. The injured is aware that he/she is about to die and while the declaration is hearsay, it is admissible since it is believed that the dying person does notRead MoreA Country Worth Dying For714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence begins with the words, â€Å"When in the course of human events it becomes necessary†. Thomas Heyward Jr. was but one of fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence who of necessity stepped forward to articulate and defend the principles of freedom and divinely endowed â€Å"unalienable Rights.† Feeling that these rights had been breached upon, the thirteen colonies listed a total of twenty-seven grievances with King George III and England in the Declaration of Ind ependenceRead More American Independence Essay678 Words   |  3 Pagesand ?slavery? were part of the cultural norm. These words were common place and often used to describe the British control over the colonies. Thomas Jefferson, the writer or the Declaration of Independence, stated 27 gripes which were a direct result of years of frustration, abuse, and neglect from Britain. The Declaration of Independence was an inevitable rebellion which stated their independence and was the beginning of the new era which would now be called, The United States of America. TheRead MorePolitics And The English Language1488 Words   |  6 Pagescorruption. He supports his idea with explanations such as, dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. However, Orwell also suggests that if all writers follow his six rules of writing mentioned in the article, it will benefit them for constructing a successful essay. Regarding to Orwell’s standard, many famous speeches or articles can be a subject for evaluation. In this case, the Declaration of Independence (US 1776), drafted by Thomas Jefferson andRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreSyrian Refugee Crisis : An Violation Of Human Rights1241 Words   |  5 Pagesdetention. Syrian refugee crisis is a violation of human rights because it defies multiple guaranteed rights from the UN Declaration of Human Rights, including articles 5,6, and 9. These articles have been violated because human beings are being tortured in Syria because of their religion, they are not seen as human beings by ISIS, and they are kept in detention suffering and dying. Everything was better back then, there were diseases but they didn’t have deadly consequences like diseases now. DiseasesRead More Revolutions Around the World Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pageshumiliating event for anyone (Doc 2). This represents the Americans’ public opinion towards political leaders of Britain and their demand for liberty and justice. The Declaration of Independence states that the United States wants a just government that listens to the voice of the people, and is made up of the people (Doc 3). The Declaration of Independence displays how the ideas of the people were to have a fair government, and that most American people responded positively to this idea. The AmericanRead MoreA Union Of A Warehouse Producing Work867 Words   |  4 Pagesworking off the land, there are also the Native Americans that are hurting more. They were here first, they learned to show settlers the ways of the land and trade with the settlers but in the end the native India ns are becoming slaves to the white, dying of disease or forced out of their land. Unlike the French when they came to this land (Tindall, Shi, 2012) â€Å"they thus did not have to confront initial hostility from Indians; they lived among them French traders sometimes served as mediator amongRead MoreFree to Live but Not Free to Die Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesunnamed fears and worries that most people feel when asked to confront the idea of their own death. Yet once people can overcome their reluctance to discuss the subject, most often what is revealed is not the fear of death itself, but the manner of dying. The difficulty of thinking about death with dignity is that it implies that one day you, or someone you love, may be in a position to want that choice. Even if someone wanted to choose euthanasia as a way to end their existence, their wish mayRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Tennis Court Oath1680 Words   |  7 Pagesenlightenment principles. The document which came to embody the French Revolutionary ideals of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, ou La Mort was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Promulgated on August 26, 1789, this document laid out the foundation of a new system by outlining right that had been previously withheld from them. The first clause of the Declaration states, â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social Distinctions may be based only on common utility.† This is a reaction

Essay on Criminology - Advanced Surveillance - 3236 Words

How effective are CCTV cameras as a proven crime control and prevention measure? Describe the crime control literature which attempts to assess their efficacy and evaluate the impact such studies have had on overall proliferation of these systems. Illustrate your answer by reference to both official reports and academic and NGO studies supporting or contradicting such claims. This essay will aim to critically discuss CCTV cameras as a proven method of crime control and prevention tool. In order to analyse academic, official and Non Government Organisation (NGO) studies, it is important to consider the rise of CCTV. CCTV is the one of the fastest growing forms of surveillance and crime control in the UK. CCTV was gradually diffused†¦show more content†¦(Privacy International; 1992) The government believes that CCTV deters opportunistic crime such as , vehicle crime, burglaries and robbery. Research assessing the effectiveness of CCTV; confirms that it is effective in reducing property crime such as burglary and robbery. The ‘rational choice theory’ can be used to explain this belief. This theory suggests that, delinquent individuals seek to maximise their profits and reduce their losses. This is dependent on the information that is available to them at the time of committing the offence. (Cornish and Clark 1985) CCTV then, reduces the opportunistic gain and increases the risk of being caught. (Armitage 2002; 3) However Jason Dutton, Director of the Scottish centre of Criminology stated that glowing reductions in criminogenic behaviour since implementation of CCTV systems, is a fantasy (Privacy International; 1992) Dutton’s statement could be rationalised when reflecting upon crimes such as public disorder. Reflecting back to the rational choice theory: Crimes that have involved alcohol consumption appear to reduce the perpetrators ‘rationality’, and thus the risk of being caught in CCTV is reduced. (Armitage 2002; 3) CCTV cameras are creating high levels of conviction. According to privacy International, nearly everyone who recorded by CCTV committing a crime pleaded guilty. For example, In Newcastle, the installation of 16 camera system resulted in a 100% increase of guilty pleas. Privacy International also foundShow MoreRelatedPolice and Law Enforcement Essay example604 Words   |  3 Pagesweapons of crime commission, yet is provides police agencies and criminal justice personnel with powerful tools useful in the battle against crime,† (Criminology Today, Frank Schmalleger, pp. 385). Criminology will always be linked to technology, even if that technology is seen as primitive or groundbreaking. Earlier forms of technology used within criminology include the telegraph, telephone, automobile, and radios. * * Technology used today is much more vast and sophisticated then those limitedRead MoreDigitally Tracking and Monitoring People875 Words   |  3 Pagesfather did. Technology today is so advanced that everything we do is collected by computers and processed. Today stores have infrared cameras to watch your eyes and what you look at in the store, machines pour coffee when they sense you yawning, and laser-based scanners that can tell what you ate for breakfast are being developed. These sorts of technologies are developed by companies mostly to make better business decisions and by governments for surveillance, and are being implemented all everywhereRead MoreIp Cctv Network: Strengths and Weaknesses2712 Words   |  11 PagesScott Reinhardt John Jay College of Criminal Justice IP CCTV Strengths and Weaknesses Closed circuit television cameras have become a tool used in several countries to fight crime and to ensure the safety of the public through surveillance in public places. The use of CCTV cameras is on the rise, and there is little proof of areas where their use has been cut back. IP CCTV technology has been in existence for a long time. It uses a camera that is connected to a network. It worksRead MoreLaw Enforcement Should Be Equipped With Body Worn Cameras1749 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality of minorities has brought us as a nation to discuss whether law enforcement should be equipped with body-worn cameras. As we are aware technology today has advanced exponentially - far beyond our imaginations cellphones and other electronics devices are equipped with the most awesome digital features. These devices provide citizens the capability to record anything they desire capturing the good bad and ugly including police misconduct. Last year alone, 120 million smart phone sRead MoreCriminology : Criminology s The Future1959 Words   |  8 Pages Criminology in The Future By Adrian Gallardo CJS 231 Professor Christopher Bough January 18, 2016 Criminology in the Future Introduction Crime in the early ages was fought by very little resources because the technology was not as advance as it is now. In the early years police officer did not even have vehicles they had foot patrol then they moved on to motorcycles then to vehicles known as radio vehicles. Our criminal justice system is not stopping here theyRead More Public Surveillance in the USA Essay2242 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction All the developed countries (developing countries are also in no way lagging behind) the incidence of the people being monitored under various surveillance systems is high of which closed circuit television system (CCTV) is gaining dominance. For instance, the UK has over 4.2 million of them, giving it a ratio of one for every 14 persons and the USA is reported to have been installing it on a rapid pace in every conceivable location as town centers, schools, public transportationRead MoreTechniques Used For Preventing Routine Activity Theory Essay3936 Words   |  16 Pagesresidential burglary is to understand why it happens, and to whom does it happen to. One theory that can successfully explain how to prevent residential burglary is the routine activity theory. Routine activity theory is known as environmental criminology, in which the behavioral patterns and intersections of people in time and space influence where and when crimes would occur. Routine activity theory states that a crime occurs when the following three elements come together in any given space andRead MoreSchools of Criminology5403 Words   |  22 Pagescrime and with it, the study of criminology. The study of criminology is an accumulation of centuries of beliefs, ideas, norms and laws of various societies. Because crime is a part of every human society, the study of criminology is also imperative to all societies. In this project report, I will discuss the various schools of thoughts of criminology starting from the early seventeenth century to the modern day schools of criminological thought. Schools of criminology It has been generally acceptedRead MoreThe Wide Web : The Deep Dark Web1779 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"[e]ncryption is one of the things that makes the public safe† (Valenzuela, 2016, para. 2) The desire for encryption for online privacy is not a recent phenomenon, and it can be traced to the earliest days of what we now know as online communications. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the predecessor to the Internet, was increasing in size and usage, spreading across the Atlantic to Norway and Britain (CQ Researcher, 2016). With this expansion came an increasing need to ensure thatRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System3724 Words   |  15 Pagesprofile. Deterring any person that may be willing to commit a particular crime is more effective in this circumstance. This form of deterrence is the most common type of deterrence we see day in and day out. Security tags at a retail store, camera surveillance, warning signs, no trespassing, electric fences are all form of general deterrence. Sentencing guidelines also work to ensure that consistently offender s are given criminal sentences that are in line to the crime committed (Carlsmith, 2002)

Challenges and Rewards of Learning a Secondary Language free essay sample

Challenges and Axia College of University of Phoenix People learn languages in different ways, and it is important to consider various learning options to increase an individual’s potential for success. Learning a secondary language can improve quality of life Learning a new language has many benefits; career advancement, bridging communication gaps, and strengthening life skills. â€Å"What theory implies, quite simply, is that language acquisition, first or second, occurs when comprehension of real messages occurs, and when the acquire is not ‘on the defensive’† wrote Steven D. writing a service plan Krashner (1981) Many employers look for bilingual employees to enhance their business marketing and sales outreach. As the world shrinks due to the increase of electronic capabilities, employers look for employees who can help them bridge the communication gap. The United States itself is a melting pot of different languages and cultures. These employers are in different sectors of opportunities, they can be in the retail sector, transportation, tourism, administration, secretarial services, public relations, marketing sales, banking and accounting, translations, or law, and teaching. Each has its own unique set of business and customer needs revolving around authentic language communication. Optional ways to learn a foreign language Current language learning programs include immersion, computer programs, and formal classes. Each type of learning offers students strengths based on investment of time, money, and resources. By assessing and understanding one’s preferred learning style it is possible to affect the learning outcome positively and increase the investment return. We must have open minds to learn the way that is best for each individual. One of the ways to learn a new language is through immersion into the cultural of the language of choice. The teachers use a vast repertoire of teaching strategies to help the participants to learn the new language. The participant spends most of their day speaking the secondary language and not speaking in their native tongue for a time. This allows them to learn the language more rapidly because they have to learn it or not speak. This way of learning can be done more rapidly, but can be quite expensive because normally the learner will need to travel to the secondary country or special school for the education. Another way to learn a secondary language is by taking classes. Classes can be found at many colleges, online programs or â€Å"free universities†. These classes can be beneficial because a learner will get instant feedback about the inflection of the language and will be able to converse with others in the class while learning. Classes are also beneficial as they allow the student to ask questions of the instructor to make sure the inflection or dialect is correct. Teachers are normally fluent in the language and many come from the region of the language or have spent much time there learning about the language. These classes will normally start with the basics of the language and build the language in stages. Computer programs, DVDs, or CDs are another way to learn a foreign language is. Many programs are available so it is necessary to research different programs to find the right one. Many people enjoy this way of learning because it is very convenient. A person can play a CD in their car, or download to a mobile device to learn wherever and whenever they want. Matching learning strengths and strategies with available options While many people will learn languages easily, that cannot be said for everyone. Some people experience difficulties with learning a language because they go into learning a language on the defensive. They go into learning thinking they will not be able to learn, or will not speak it correctly. Some people will practice the language but forget what they learned quickly, or do not retain the information. Many of these difficulties come from the lack of exposure. If a person cannot practice what they learn, they cannot retain the information they have learned, or may not get the pronunciation correct. Many people also fear the use of the new language. Some languages can be harder to learn in general. According to Wisegeek. com (n. d. ) the British Foreign Office recently conducted a survey on what is the hardest language to learn, and said it is Basque, followed closely by Hungarian because of its use of 35 cases or noun forms. The punctuation system of the German and Russian language makes them also difficult to learn. Learning another language also allows a person to enjoy communication advantages. They can read books of different writers, gain a deeper knowledge of different ideas, and do not suffer difficulties with languages when traveling. They can fit in and see more of what they want to see by being able to ask exactly what they are looking for. Being bilingual also has cognitive benefits; a person whom is bilingual can use the flexibility of two or more words meaning the same thing to describe the same thing. They are better able to listen for the perfect word in any situation. The listening skills of a bilingual will allow them to speak to any one in their native tongue to describe certain instances. This in turn, increases bilingual’s self-esteem. According to Buzzle. com (n. d. ) bilinguals also do better academically. They tend to have higher exam and test scores, and can learn three or four languages with ease. References Coffey, S. , Street, B. (2008). Narrative and identity in the â€Å"language learning project†. Modern Language Journal, Fall2008(92), p452-464. Ehrman, M. E. (1996). Understanding second language learning difficulties. Retrieved October  6, 2009, from http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. js Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition second language learning. University of Southern California . Retrieved October  10, 2009, from http://www. sdkrashen. com/SL_Acquisition_and_Learning/index. html Noels, K. A. (2003). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Retrieved October  6, 2009, from http://search. ebscohost. com Wilson, R. (2000). How to find internet resources for learning any particular language. Retrieved October  10, 2009, from http://www. languageimpact. com/articles/rw/intrscrse. htm   (n. d. ). Wisegeek. com. Retrieved October  8, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/which-are-the-most-difficult-languages-to-learn. htm