Dying Declaration - 6938 Words

CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH SCHEME Introduction: A dying declaration is a statement made by a dying person as to the cause of his death or as to any circumstances of the transaction that resulted in his death. It is evidence under Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act,1872. This section is an exception to the general rule that hearsay evidence is no evidence In this paper, the researcher will explore these facets namely – the scope and application of section 32 (1), the method of giving and recording a dying declaration and its evidenciary value by examining its interpretation by courts. Material examined: The researcher has used the bare act of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and thereby used the various commentaries by eminent jurists and legal†¦show more content†¦1.1 Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act. Sub-section (1) of Section 32 of the Evidence Act, any statement, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, appears to the Court unreasonable, would constitute relevant facts. If as a result thereof, the Court is satisfied that the statement made by a person who is now dead is relevant, the same becomes admissible in terms of sub-section (1) of 32 section of the Evidence Act. The second Para of the sub section makes it abundantly clear that the statement is admissible in civil as well as criminal proceedings and it is not necessary that the Person making the statement should be apprehending death at the time of making the statement. Thus, it is apt to say that admissibility of Dying declaration is explained in the section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act. The Hon’ble Apex Court in P.Mani vs. State of T.N. reported in has held as follows: â€Å"Indisputably conviction can be recorded on the basis of the dying declaration alone but therefore the same must be wholly reliable. In a case where suspicion can be raised as regards the correctness of the dying declaration, theShow MoreRelatedDying Declaration Under Section 32 of Ipc15499 Words   |  62 PagesDYING DECLARATION â€Å"Truth sits on the lips of a person who is about to die† Introduction A Dying Declaration means the statement of a person who has died explaining the circumstances of his death. It can be said to be a statement made by a mortally injured person, indicating who has injured them and/or the circumstances surrounding their injury. The injured is aware that he/she is about to die and while the declaration is hearsay, it is admissible since it is believed that the dying person does notRead MoreA Country Worth Dying For714 Words   |  3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence begins with the words, â€Å"When in the course of human events it becomes necessary†. Thomas Heyward Jr. was but one of fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence who of necessity stepped forward to articulate and defend the principles of freedom and divinely endowed â€Å"unalienable Rights.† Feeling that these rights had been breached upon, the thirteen colonies listed a total of twenty-seven grievances with King George III and England in the Declaration of Ind ependenceRead More American Independence Essay678 Words   |  3 Pagesand ?slavery? were part of the cultural norm. These words were common place and often used to describe the British control over the colonies. Thomas Jefferson, the writer or the Declaration of Independence, stated 27 gripes which were a direct result of years of frustration, abuse, and neglect from Britain. The Declaration of Independence was an inevitable rebellion which stated their independence and was the beginning of the new era which would now be called, The United States of America. TheRead MorePolitics And The English Language1488 Words   |  6 Pagescorruption. He supports his idea with explanations such as, dying metaphors, operators or verbal false limbs, pretentious diction, and meaningless words. However, Orwell also suggests that if all writers follow his six rules of writing mentioned in the article, it will benefit them for constructing a successful essay. Regarding to Orwell’s standard, many famous speeches or articles can be a subject for evaluation. In this case, the Declaration of Independence (US 1776), drafted by Thomas Jefferson andRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreSyrian Refugee Crisis : An Violation Of Human Rights1241 Words   |  5 Pagesdetention. Syrian refugee crisis is a violation of human rights because it defies multiple guaranteed rights from the UN Declaration of Human Rights, including articles 5,6, and 9. 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The difficulty of thinking about death with dignity is that it implies that one day you, or someone you love, may be in a position to want that choice. Even if someone wanted to choose euthanasia as a way to end their existence, their wish mayRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Tennis Court Oath1680 Words   |  7 Pagesenlightenment principles. The document which came to embody the French Revolutionary ideals of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, ou La Mort was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Promulgated on August 26, 1789, this document laid out the foundation of a new system by outlining right that had been previously withheld from them. The first clause of the Declaration states, â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social Distinctions may be based only on common utility.† This is a reaction

Essay on Criminology - Advanced Surveillance - 3236 Words

How effective are CCTV cameras as a proven crime control and prevention measure? Describe the crime control literature which attempts to assess their efficacy and evaluate the impact such studies have had on overall proliferation of these systems. Illustrate your answer by reference to both official reports and academic and NGO studies supporting or contradicting such claims. This essay will aim to critically discuss CCTV cameras as a proven method of crime control and prevention tool. In order to analyse academic, official and Non Government Organisation (NGO) studies, it is important to consider the rise of CCTV. CCTV is the one of the fastest growing forms of surveillance and crime control in the UK. CCTV was gradually diffused†¦show more content†¦(Privacy International; 1992) The government believes that CCTV deters opportunistic crime such as , vehicle crime, burglaries and robbery. Research assessing the effectiveness of CCTV; confirms that it is effective in reducing property crime such as burglary and robbery. The ‘rational choice theory’ can be used to explain this belief. This theory suggests that, delinquent individuals seek to maximise their profits and reduce their losses. This is dependent on the information that is available to them at the time of committing the offence. (Cornish and Clark 1985) CCTV then, reduces the opportunistic gain and increases the risk of being caught. (Armitage 2002; 3) However Jason Dutton, Director of the Scottish centre of Criminology stated that glowing reductions in criminogenic behaviour since implementation of CCTV systems, is a fantasy (Privacy International; 1992) Dutton’s statement could be rationalised when reflecting upon crimes such as public disorder. Reflecting back to the rational choice theory: Crimes that have involved alcohol consumption appear to reduce the perpetrators ‘rationality’, and thus the risk of being caught in CCTV is reduced. (Armitage 2002; 3) CCTV cameras are creating high levels of conviction. According to privacy International, nearly everyone who recorded by CCTV committing a crime pleaded guilty. For example, In Newcastle, the installation of 16 camera system resulted in a 100% increase of guilty pleas. Privacy International also foundShow MoreRelatedPolice and Law Enforcement Essay example604 Words   |  3 Pagesweapons of crime commission, yet is provides police agencies and criminal justice personnel with powerful tools useful in the battle against crime,† (Criminology Today, Frank Schmalleger, pp. 385). Criminology will always be linked to technology, even if that technology is seen as primitive or groundbreaking. Earlier forms of technology used within criminology include the telegraph, telephone, automobile, and radios. * * Technology used today is much more vast and sophisticated then those limitedRead MoreDigitally Tracking and Monitoring People875 Words   |  3 Pagesfather did. Technology today is so advanced that everything we do is collected by computers and processed. Today stores have infrared cameras to watch your eyes and what you look at in the store, machines pour coffee when they sense you yawning, and laser-based scanners that can tell what you ate for breakfast are being developed. 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As we are aware technology today has advanced exponentially - far beyond our imaginations cellphones and other electronics devices are equipped with the most awesome digital features. These devices provide citizens the capability to record anything they desire capturing the good bad and ugly including police misconduct. Last year alone, 120 million smart phone sRead MoreCriminology : Criminology s The Future1959 Words   |  8 Pages Criminology in The Future By Adrian Gallardo CJS 231 Professor Christopher Bough January 18, 2016 Criminology in the Future Introduction Crime in the early ages was fought by very little resources because the technology was not as advance as it is now. In the early years police officer did not even have vehicles they had foot patrol then they moved on to motorcycles then to vehicles known as radio vehicles. Our criminal justice system is not stopping here theyRead More Public Surveillance in the USA Essay2242 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction All the developed countries (developing countries are also in no way lagging behind) the incidence of the people being monitored under various surveillance systems is high of which closed circuit television system (CCTV) is gaining dominance. For instance, the UK has over 4.2 million of them, giving it a ratio of one for every 14 persons and the USA is reported to have been installing it on a rapid pace in every conceivable location as town centers, schools, public transportationRead MoreTechniques Used For Preventing Routine Activity Theory Essay3936 Words   |  16 Pagesresidential burglary is to understand why it happens, and to whom does it happen to. One theory that can successfully explain how to prevent residential burglary is the routine activity theory. Routine activity theory is known as environmental criminology, in which the behavioral patterns and intersections of people in time and space influence where and when crimes would occur. Routine activity theory states that a crime occurs when the following three elements come together in any given space andRead MoreSchools of Criminology5403 Words   |  22 Pagescrime and with it, the study of criminology. The study of criminology is an accumulation of centuries of beliefs, ideas, norms and laws of various societies. Because crime is a part of every human society, the study of criminology is also imperative to all societies. In this project report, I will discuss the various schools of thoughts of criminology starting from the early seventeenth century to the modern day schools of criminological thought. Schools of criminology It has been generally acceptedRead MoreThe Wide Web : The Deep Dark Web1779 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"[e]ncryption is one of the things that makes the public safe† (Valenzuela, 2016, para. 2) The desire for encryption for online privacy is not a recent phenomenon, and it can be traced to the earliest days of what we now know as online communications. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the predecessor to the Internet, was increasing in size and usage, spreading across the Atlantic to Norway and Britain (CQ Researcher, 2016). With this expansion came an increasing need to ensure thatRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System3724 Words   |  15 Pagesprofile. Deterring any person that may be willing to commit a particular crime is more effective in this circumstance. This form of deterrence is the most common type of deterrence we see day in and day out. Security tags at a retail store, camera surveillance, warning signs, no trespassing, electric fences are all form of general deterrence. Sentencing guidelines also work to ensure that consistently offender s are given criminal sentences that are in line to the crime committed (Carlsmith, 2002)

Challenges and Rewards of Learning a Secondary Language free essay sample

Challenges and Axia College of University of Phoenix People learn languages in different ways, and it is important to consider various learning options to increase an individual’s potential for success. Learning a secondary language can improve quality of life Learning a new language has many benefits; career advancement, bridging communication gaps, and strengthening life skills. â€Å"What theory implies, quite simply, is that language acquisition, first or second, occurs when comprehension of real messages occurs, and when the acquire is not ‘on the defensive’† wrote Steven D. writing a service plan Krashner (1981) Many employers look for bilingual employees to enhance their business marketing and sales outreach. As the world shrinks due to the increase of electronic capabilities, employers look for employees who can help them bridge the communication gap. The United States itself is a melting pot of different languages and cultures. These employers are in different sectors of opportunities, they can be in the retail sector, transportation, tourism, administration, secretarial services, public relations, marketing sales, banking and accounting, translations, or law, and teaching. Each has its own unique set of business and customer needs revolving around authentic language communication. Optional ways to learn a foreign language Current language learning programs include immersion, computer programs, and formal classes. Each type of learning offers students strengths based on investment of time, money, and resources. By assessing and understanding one’s preferred learning style it is possible to affect the learning outcome positively and increase the investment return. We must have open minds to learn the way that is best for each individual. One of the ways to learn a new language is through immersion into the cultural of the language of choice. The teachers use a vast repertoire of teaching strategies to help the participants to learn the new language. The participant spends most of their day speaking the secondary language and not speaking in their native tongue for a time. This allows them to learn the language more rapidly because they have to learn it or not speak. This way of learning can be done more rapidly, but can be quite expensive because normally the learner will need to travel to the secondary country or special school for the education. Another way to learn a secondary language is by taking classes. Classes can be found at many colleges, online programs or â€Å"free universities†. These classes can be beneficial because a learner will get instant feedback about the inflection of the language and will be able to converse with others in the class while learning. Classes are also beneficial as they allow the student to ask questions of the instructor to make sure the inflection or dialect is correct. Teachers are normally fluent in the language and many come from the region of the language or have spent much time there learning about the language. These classes will normally start with the basics of the language and build the language in stages. Computer programs, DVDs, or CDs are another way to learn a foreign language is. Many programs are available so it is necessary to research different programs to find the right one. Many people enjoy this way of learning because it is very convenient. A person can play a CD in their car, or download to a mobile device to learn wherever and whenever they want. Matching learning strengths and strategies with available options While many people will learn languages easily, that cannot be said for everyone. Some people experience difficulties with learning a language because they go into learning a language on the defensive. They go into learning thinking they will not be able to learn, or will not speak it correctly. Some people will practice the language but forget what they learned quickly, or do not retain the information. Many of these difficulties come from the lack of exposure. If a person cannot practice what they learn, they cannot retain the information they have learned, or may not get the pronunciation correct. Many people also fear the use of the new language. Some languages can be harder to learn in general. According to Wisegeek. com (n. d. ) the British Foreign Office recently conducted a survey on what is the hardest language to learn, and said it is Basque, followed closely by Hungarian because of its use of 35 cases or noun forms. The punctuation system of the German and Russian language makes them also difficult to learn. Learning another language also allows a person to enjoy communication advantages. They can read books of different writers, gain a deeper knowledge of different ideas, and do not suffer difficulties with languages when traveling. They can fit in and see more of what they want to see by being able to ask exactly what they are looking for. Being bilingual also has cognitive benefits; a person whom is bilingual can use the flexibility of two or more words meaning the same thing to describe the same thing. They are better able to listen for the perfect word in any situation. The listening skills of a bilingual will allow them to speak to any one in their native tongue to describe certain instances. This in turn, increases bilingual’s self-esteem. According to Buzzle. com (n. d. ) bilinguals also do better academically. They tend to have higher exam and test scores, and can learn three or four languages with ease. References Coffey, S. , Street, B. (2008). Narrative and identity in the â€Å"language learning project†. Modern Language Journal, Fall2008(92), p452-464. Ehrman, M. E. (1996). Understanding second language learning difficulties. Retrieved October  6, 2009, from http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini. js Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition second language learning. University of Southern California . Retrieved October  10, 2009, from http://www. sdkrashen. com/SL_Acquisition_and_Learning/index. html Noels, K. A. (2003). Why are you learning a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory. Retrieved October  6, 2009, from http://search. ebscohost. com Wilson, R. (2000). How to find internet resources for learning any particular language. Retrieved October  10, 2009, from http://www. languageimpact. com/articles/rw/intrscrse. htm   (n. d. ). Wisegeek. com. Retrieved October  8, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/which-are-the-most-difficult-languages-to-learn. htm

Music study midterm Essay Example For Students

Music study midterm Essay Syncopation involves placing emphasis on normally UN-emphasized beats or using a rest on a normally emphasized beat. In other words, syncopation involves disrupting or interrupting the expected or normal rhythm of music. Many different types of music, including aka, reggae, rap, Jazz, and some forms of metal, use syncopation regularly in the music. Tempo is the speed of a given piece of music. If you think about it, tempo plays an important role in determining the mood of a piece of music, along with elements like pitch. A metronome, or a device that produces regular ticks or beats according to the beats per minute, is one way that musicians and composers can help maintain a consistent pace in the music. General tempo for a piece of music: Largo: very slow Adagio: slow Moderator: moderate tempo Allegro: fast Presto: very fast The notes that are used to indicate tempo include: Dynamics in music refers to the loudness or softness of a note, as well as the quality of the note as played. Some of the dynamics in music happen naturally. Imagine trying to play those notes for exactly the same length, in exactly the same quality, at exactly the same loudness or softness. Some of these notations include: Fortissimo (of: played very loudly Forte (f): played loudly Mezzo forte (MFC): played moderately loud Mezzo piano (pm): played moderately soft Piano (p): played softly Pianissimo (up): played very softly USIA study midterm By Gilbert 51 Fernando (usually written as soprano) is a sudden change in the level of sound. Timbre (which is pronounced tam-beer) is the tone quality of a sound, and it is what helps to distinguish one musical instrument from another. It is also sometimes referred to as color or tone quality. We can separate some of the timber differences of humans into four different categories: Soprano: a high female voice Alto: a low female voice Tenor: a high male voice Bass: a low male voice At the most basic level, melody is a series of musical notes that have been strung gather. It is composed of both pitch and rhythm and it represents the notes in a piece of music that catch our ears. Melodic phrases are groups or sets of notes that make sense together, express a musical idea, and, when combined, create the melody. Harmony is having more than one pitch within the music at the same time. We often think of harmony as a complement to melody. Generally, form is referred to as the framework that a composer uses to create a piece of music. It is the combination of the other musical elements, including pitch, tempo, and dynamics. This may include both the music itself as well as the lyrics that are to be sung with the piece of music in this spot. For example, the 12-bar blues is a chord progression that is common in many popular forms of music. Essentially, this form of music indicates when a chord change will happen in the music. It may look something like this: C C C FCC GAFF One common form is the common meter, which consists of four lines of a particular number of beats that end in the rhyming pattern of a-b-a-b. This has been a common form for both ballads and hymns for quite some time. A concerto is a musical piece n which one solo instrument (such as a piano or violin) is accompanied by an orchestra. Typically a concerto is structured into three different parts or movements. A sonata is a musical composition for a solo instrument (often piano or other keyboard instrument). In some cases, a composition may be called a sonata if it was designated as such by the composer rather than having the piece meet other criteria for a sonata. Symphony is a musical piece that has been scored for a full orchestra; it is often an extended composition. Many symphonies have four parts or movements, with the first movement in sonata form.